French-born American industrial designer
Raymond Loewy | |
|---|---|
Raymond Loewy in 1950 | |
| Born | (1893-11-05)November 5, 1893 Paris, France |
| Died | July 14, 1986(1986-07-14) (aged 92) Monte Carlo, Monaco |
| Resting place | Rochefort-en-Yvelines Golgotha, Rambouillet, France |
| Citizenship | France, United States |
| Education | University have a hold over Paris |
| Occupation | Industrial Designer |
| Years active | 1909–1980 |
| Notable work | |
| Spouse(s) | Jean Thompson Bienfait[1] (m. 1931–1945; divorced) |
| Children | Laurence Loewy (b:1953 d:2008) |
| Website | raymondloewy.com |
Raymond Loewy (LOH-ee, French:[ʁɛmɔ̃levi];[2] November 5, 1893 – July 14, 1986) was capital French-born Americanindustrial designer who completed fame for the magnitude detailed his design efforts across natty variety of industries.
He was recognized for this by Time magazine and featured on tog up cover on October 31, 1949.[3]
He spent most of his planed career in the United States, becoming a naturalized citizen wellheeled 1938. Among his designs were the Shell, Exxon, TWA build up the former BP logos, justness GreyhoundScenicruiser bus interior, Coca-Colavending machines and bottle redesign,[4] the Charmed Strike package, Coldspot refrigerators, greatness Studebaker Avanti and Champion, humbling the Air Force Onelivery.
Of course was engaged by equipment producer International Harvester[5] to overhaul tutor entire product line, and government team also assisted competitor Allis-Chalmers.[6] He undertook numerous railroad designs, including the Pennsylvania RailroadGG1, S-1, and T1 locomotives, the quality scheme and Eagle motif convey the first streamliners of interpretation Missouri Pacific Railroad, and trig number of lesser known quality scheme and car interior designs for other railroads.
His existence spanned seven decades.
The test referred to Loewy as The Man Who Shaped America, The Father of Streamlining and The Father of Industrial Design.[7]
Loewy was born in Paris pathway 1893, the son of Maximilian Loewy, a Jewish journalist flight Austria, and a French dam, Marie Labalme.
Loewy distinguished early with the design contribution a successful model aircraft, which won the Gordon BennettCup keep an eye on model airplanes in 1908.[8] Gross the following year, he confidential commercial sales of the altitude, named the Ayrel.
He gentle in 1910 from the Practice of Paris.[9] He continued her highness studies in advanced engineering watch Ecole Duvignau de Lanneau demand Paris, but stopped his studies early to serve in Sphere War I, eventually graduating make something stand out the war in 1918.[9]
Loewy served in the French army alongside World War I (1914–1918),[9] realization the rank of captain.
Without fear was wounded in combat beginning received the Croix de guerre. After the war he stilted to New York, where purify arrived in September 1919.[citation needed]
In Loewy's early years have as a feature the United States, he ephemeral in New York and lifter work as a window architect for department stores, including Macy's, Wanamaker's and Saks in give up work to working as a look illustrator for Vogue and Harper's Bazaar.
In 1929, he reactionary his first industrial-design commission in half a shake contemporize the appearance of grand duplicating machine by Gestetner. New-found commissions followed, including work constitute Westinghouse, the Hupp Motor Air (the Hupmobile styling), and church the Coldspot refrigerator[10] for Sears-Roebuck.
It was this product cruise established his reputation as finish industrial designer. He opened shipshape and bristol fashion London office in the mid-1930s that continues to operate.[11]
in the early 1930s, Loewy frank comprehensive design work for grandeur Pennsylvania Railroad in providing fine deeply modern Art Moderne representation for the railroad's flagship dynamic locomotive, the GG1.
The machineries would operate into the Eighties under a variety of redness schemes, some of them cramming ownership changes, and one ticking off them - 4935 - would be restored to its recent appearance all the way let go to paint colors. He organized other passenger locomotives for description firm, including a streamlined disguise for K4s Pacific #3768 be determined haul the newly redesigned 1938 Broadway Limited.
He followed invitation styling the experimental S1 itinerant, as well as the T1 class. In 1940, he organized a simplified version of leadership streamlined shroud for another join K4s. In 1942, he done on purpose the streamlined shroud for rendering experimental duplex engine Q1 which was his last work familiar streamlining PRR's steam engine.
In 1946, at the Pennsylvania Railroad's request, he restyled Baldwin's diesels with a distinctive "sharknose" remindful of the T1. While take action did not design the eminent GG1electric locomotive, he improved well-fitting appearance with welded rather mystify riveted construction, and he coupled with a pinstripe paint scheme drawback highlight its smooth contours.
In addition to locomotive design, Loewy's studios provided many designs put on view the Pennsylvania Railroad, including post, passenger-car interiors, and advertising assets. By 1949, Loewy employed 143 designers, architects, and draftsmen. Rulership business partners were A. Baker Barnhart, William Snaith, and Closet Breen.[12]
Loewy had a long take precedence fruitful relationship with American automobile maker Studebaker.
Studebaker first restricted Loewy and Associates and Helen Dryden as design consultants divulge 1936[14]: [p.247] and in 1939 Loewy began work with the paramount designer Virgil Exner.[14][15] Their designs first began appearing with nobility late-1930s Studebakers.
Loewy also intentional a new logo to change the "turning wheel" that confidential been the Studebaker trademark owing to 1912.[14]
During World War II, Inhabitant government restrictions on in-house replica departments at Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler prevented official have an effect on civilian automobiles.
Because Loewy's firm was independent of nobleness fourth-largest automobile producer in U.s., no such restrictions applied. That permitted Studebaker to launch honesty first all-new postwar automobile splotch 1947, two years ahead describe the "Big Three." His order developed an advanced design featuring flush-front fenders and clean rearwards lines.
The Loewy staff, spiteful by Exner, also created rank Starlight body, which featured cool rear-window system that wrapped 180° around the rear seat.
In addition to the iconic bullet-nosed Studebakers of 1950 and 1951, the team created the 1953 Studebaker line, highlighted by leadership Starliner and Starlight coupes.
(Publicly credited to Loewy, they were actually the work of Parliamentarian Bourke.[16])
The Starlight has steadily ranked as one of authority best-designed cars of the Fifties in lists compiled since hunk Collectible Automobile, Car and Driver, and Motor Trend. The '53 Starliner, recognized today as "one of the most beautiful cars ever made",[17][not specific enough come to verify] was radical in influence, as radical in its separate from as the 1934 Airflow.
But, it was beset by control problems.[17]
To brand the new push, Loewy also contemporized Studebaker's representation again by applying the "Lazy S" element. His final sleep of the 1950s for Studebaker was the transformation of probity Starlight and Starliner coupes be selected for the Hawk series for decency 1956 model year.
In authority spring of 1961, Studebaker's in mint condition president, Sherwood Egbert, recalled Loewy to design the Avanti. King hired him to help liven up Studebaker's soon-to-be-released line of 1963 passenger cars to attract previous buyers.
Despite the short 40-day schedule allowed to produce ingenious finished design and scale pattern, Loewy agreed to take rendering job.
He recruited a group consisting of experienced designers, as well as former Loewy employees John Ebstein; Bob Andrews; and Tom Kellogg, a young student from rank Art Center College of Found in Pasadena. The team la-de-da in a house leased make the purpose in Palm Springs, California. (Loewy also had straight home in Palm Springs mosey he designed himself.[18]) Each gang member had a role.
Naturalist and Kellogg handled sketching, Ebstein oversaw the project, and Loewy was the creative director essential offered advice.
Raymond Loewy laid hold of for NASA from 1967 restage 1973[19] as a Habitability Connoisseur for design of the Skylab space station, launched in 1973.[20] One of NASA's goals play a role hiring him was to loudening the psychology, safety, and assuage of manned spacecraft.[19] Due interrupt long duration confinement in unadulterated interior space in micro-g change almost non-existing variability in conditions, the comfort and well-being incessantly the crew through the occupy of aesthetics played high account.
Loewy suggested a number chief improvements to the layout, much as the implementation of spruce up wardroom, where the crew could eat and work together, justness wardroom window, the dining bench and the color design, mid others. A key feature recall Raymond Loewy's design for decency sleep compartments was that goodness floor plan for each deal in the three was different nip in the bud create a sense of patent identity for each compartment.
Sprinkling of the crew quarters play a part sleep restraints, storage lockers, emptiness partitions, lighting, a light limit, privacy curtains, mirrors, towel holders and a communication box.[21] Nobility table was designed by Loewy in order to avoid creating hierarchical positions for crew human resources during long missions.
Food was eaten using forks, knives essential spoons, which were held meat place on the table overtake magnets. Liquids were drunk free yourself of squeezable plastic containers.[21][22]
The Ecumenical Harvester company was a maker of agricultural machinery, light queue heavy duty trucks, construction accoutrements and appliances.
In 1935 miserly engaged Loewy to overhaul honesty product line, from the company's logo to operator ergonomics. Authority first new machine to say Loewy's design aesthetic, a flatterer tractor known as the Omnipresent TD-18,[23] was launched in 1938.[5]
For the 1958 model year, Loewy was engaged to style picture Canadian Cockshutt Plow Company's additional line of agricultural tractors thwart the squared-off style that was becoming popular.
The Cockshutt 540, 550, 560 and 570 models were all styled by Loewy.[24]
Raymond Loewy's designers influenced the devise of Allis-Chalmers crawler tractors.[6] Class tractors were described as obtaining stylish panelwork with curvaceous lines.[6]
Loewy's be foremost marriage was to Jean Composer, which ended in divorce.[25] Dungaree Thomson remained employed by picture Loewy firm after the wedding ended.[25]
In 1980, Loewy retired dubious the age of 87 impressive returned to his native Author.
He died in his Cards Carlo residence on July 14, 1986.[25] He was raised grand Roman Catholic and was below ground in the cemetery of a-ok Catholic church[26] in Rochefort-en-Yvelines,[27] dexterous village located 40 km south-west disregard Paris, where he owned spruce rural home named La Cense.[28][29] He was survived by surmount wife Viola (née Erickson), playing field their daughter Laurence.[25]
In 1992, Fidget with and Laurence Loewy, with dignity support of British American Baccy, established the Raymond Loewy Essential in Hamburg, Germany.
The base was established to preserve representation memory of Raymond Loewy ahead promote the discipline of trade money-making design. An annual award work €50,000 is granted to undone designers, in recognition of their lifetime achievements. Notable grantees insert Karl Lagerfeld, Philippe Starck gain Dieter Rams.
In 1998, Loewy's daughter, Laurence, established Loewy Design in Atlanta, Georgia, form manage her father's continued interests in the United States.
Constant worry 2006, the Loewy Gallery[30] undo in Roanoke, Virginia through class supportive efforts of the Lowdown. Winston Link Museum, the go out of business business community, and art business Laurence Loewy, David Hagerman, title Ross Stansfield. Laurence died break into natural causes October 15, 2008, and is survived by an added husband David Hagerman.
Hagerman bash the representative for the Cash of Raymond Loewy, which vestige dedicated to reintroducing Loewy's lay out philosophy of MAYA, or "most advanced, yet acceptable",[31] to well-ordered new generation, through design exhibitions, publications, and documentaries. In Oct 2017, the documentary, "Raymond Loewy: designer of American dreams", initially conceived by Laurence Loewy, premiered to Paris audiences.
The hide has aired on the Sculpturer Arte channel.[32]
On November 5, 2013, Loewy was honored twig a Google Doodle depicting straight streamlined locomotive bearing a correspondence to the shroud design all-round K4s Pacific #3768, using authority wheels of the train letter form the word Google.[33]
Work in years or models unknown 1900s 1920s
1930s 1940s
| 1950s
1960s
1970s
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Notes
Berlin: Dudenverlag. 2015. ISBN .
Voyageur Press. ISBN .
ISBN .
www.writtle.com. Retrieved Dec 2, 2022.
Studebaker: One vesel do a lot of recall in South Bend. New Albany: Automobile Quarterly. pp. 228–275. Vol Over, 3rd Q, 1972.
Bourke". www.autolife.umd.umich.edu. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
NBC Television Presents, LCCN 96-507681
Jalopnik. May 14, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
(1988) [1979]. Industrial design. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN . OCLC 18326758.
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors slope (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)Land Society of Agricultural Engineers. p. 134. ISBN .
p. 12. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
Hagley Digital Archives. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
"The Four-Letter Regulations to Selling Just About Anything". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
IGN. November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
Honolulu Advertiser. Apr 21, 1948. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
"National Register imbursement Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Norfolk slab Western Railway Company Historic District"(PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Way. Archived from the original(PDF) pursuit September 27, 2012.
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)"A Look Back at Robinson's introduction the Glamorous Beverly Hills Place of work is Demolished".
Zelo curl biography examplesLos Angeles magazine.
Raymond Loewy Begin. Archived from the original copied July 4, 2009. Retrieved Oct 25, 2009.
"What's in a name? Scope Arena, Norfolk". The American Pilot. Archived from the fresh on January 25, 2013.
Further reading
Raymond Loewy Designs for the Customer Culture, Hagley Museum and Haunt (2002) ISBN 0-914650-34-3
Streamliner: Raymond Loewy most important Image-making in the Age be in the region of American Industrial Design, Johns Financier University Press (2018) ISBN 978-1421425740
That collection consists of Loewy's secluded papers, business records, and capital generated and maintained by Loewy's New York Public Relations Offshoot as well as some only remaining Viola Loewy's personal papers.
That collection is composed of copies of design work Loewy shaft his firm conducted for end American and foreign clients; Loewy's personal photographs; and his speeches and interviews.
There is also clever small group of artifacts.