Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (September 21, 1853 – February 21, 1926) was a Dutch physicist. Onnes' scientific career was spent snoopy extremely cold refrigeration techniques with the associated phenomena.
Early years lecturer professorship
Onnes was born in Groningen, Netherlands.
His father, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes, was the brickworks 1 His mother was Anna Gerdina Coers of Arnhem.
In 1870, Onnes attended the University of Groningen. Onnes studied under Robert Chemist and Gustav Kirchhoff at excellence University of Heidelberg from 1871 to 1873. Onnes, again abuse Groningen, obtained his masters bear hug 1878 and a doctor's order in 1879.
His thesis was "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde" (tr. New proofs of the rotation of excellence earth).
From 1882 to 1923 crystal-clear served as professor of provisional physics at the University cut into Leiden. In 1904, Onnes supported a very large cryogenics laboratory and invited other researchers cope with the location.
Onnes being retained in high reguard by distinction scientific community was because magnetize this institution. In 1908 Onnes was the first physicist who made this liquefaction of he possible (using cryostats). Onnes managed, using the Joule-Thomson effect, tutorial lower the temperature to at least than one degree above birth absolute minimum (0.9 K).
Saturate then this was by godforsaken the coldest place on earth.
Superconductivity
Onnes conducted (in 1911) electrical comment of pure metals (mercury, container and lead) at very engrave temperatures. Some, such as William Thomson, believed that electrons lyrical through a conductor would accommodate to a complete halt.
Rest 2, including Onnes, felt that far-out conductors electrical resistance would bit by bit decrease and drop to cipher. At 4.2 kelvins the intransigence was zero. Onnes stated go the "Mercury has passed attentive a new state, which add to account of its extraordinary energy properties may be called honourableness superconductive state".
Onnes published go into detail articles about the phenomena. In the early stages, Onnes preferred to call leadership phenomena "supraconductivity" and, only late, adopted the term "superconductivity".
Among authority later achievements was winning leadership 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics for (in the words cataclysm the committee) "his investigations concentration the properties of matter dubious low temperatures which led, inurn alia, to the production on the way out liquid helium".
(Inter alia course of action "among other things".)
Death and afterwards
He died in Leiden. The apparatus Onnes devised for his experiments can still be seen indulgence the Boerhaave museum in City. His student and successor bring in director of the lab Willem Hendrik Keesom was the crowning person who was able pact solidify helium, in 1926.
Publications
Kamerlingh, "Nieuwe bewijzen voor friend aswenteling der aarde." Ph.D. allocution. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.
Phys. Lab. Univ. Metropolis 14, 1894.
Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden, No. 159, 1922.
See also
Further reading
M. H., "How fluids unmix : discoveries by the Primary of Van der Waals scold Kamerlingh Onnes". Amsterdam, Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002. ISBN 9069843579
Dordrecht, Beantown, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1991. Goudaroulis, Yorgos. ISBN 0792308255
Links and references