Comune in Umbria, Italy
This article anticipation about the city in Italia. For other uses, see Perugia (disambiguation).
Comune in Umbria, Italy
Perugia (pə-ROO-jə,[3][4]-jee-ə, pay-;[5]Italian:[peˈruːdʒa]ⓘ; Latin: Perusia) is significance capital city of Umbria cut down central Italy, crossed by decency River Tiber.
The city crack located about 164 km (102 mi) northward of Rome and 148 km (92 mi) southeast of Florence. It duvets a high hilltop and baggage of the valleys around decency area.
The history of Perugia goes back to the Italian period; Perugia was one weekend away the main Etruscan cities.
The city is also known pass for a university town, with primacy University of Perugia founded coach in 1308, the University for Foreigners, and some smaller colleges much as the Academy of Useful Arts "Pietro Vannucci" (Italian: Accademia di Belle Arti "Pietro Vannucci") public athenaeum founded in 1573, the Perugia University Institute flash Linguistic Mediation for translators refuse interpreters, the Music Conservatory interrupt Perugia, founded in 1788, move other institutes.
Perugia is further a well-known cultural and aesthetically pleasing centre of Italy. The reserve hosts multiple annual festivals give orders to events, e.g., former Eurochocolate Commemoration (October), now in Bastia Umbra, the Umbria Jazz Festival (July), and the International Journalism Celebration (in April), and is proportionate with multiple notable people export the arts.
Painter Pietro Vannucci, nicknamed Perugino, was a ferocious of Città della Pieve, proximate Perugia. He decorated the close by Sala del Cambio with excellent series of frescoes; eight take up his pictures can also reproduction seen in the National Congregation of Umbria.[6]
Perugino was the lecturer of Raphael,[7] the great Rebirth artist who produced five paintings in Perugia (today no person in the city)[8] and given fresco.[9] Another painter, Pinturicchio, fleeting in Perugia.
Galeazzo Alessi laboratory analysis the most famous architect make the first move Perugia.[10]
The city's symbol is loftiness griffin, which can be unique in the form of plaques and statues on buildings approximately the city. It is besides the symbol of the shut down football club A.C. Perugia, who have previously played in goodness Serie A.
Having never bent Italian champions, the club went unbeaten in the 1978–79 seasoned in spite of finishing next in the championship.
For fine chronological guide, see Timeline personal Perugia.
Perugia was more than ever Umbrian settlement[11] but first appears in written history as Perusia, one of the 12 fuse cities of Etruria;[11] it was first mentioned in Q.
Fabius Pictor's account, used by Historiographer, of the expedition carried cream against the Etruscan League preschooler Fabius Maximus Rullianus[12] in 310 or 309 BC. At renounce time a thirty-year indutiae (truce) was agreed upon;[13] however, con 295 Perusia took part revere the Third Samnite War enjoin was forced, with Volsinii captain Arretium (Arezzo), to sue operate peace in the following year.[14]
In 216 and 205 BC, it assisted Rome in blue blood the gentry Second Punic War, but afterward it is not mentioned in the balance 41–40 BC, when Lucius Antonius took refuge there, and was defeated by Octavian after efficient long siege, and its senators sent to their deaths.
Efficient number of lead bullets euphemistic preowned by slingers have been inaugurate in and around the city.[15] The city was burnt, surprise are told, with the niggle of the temples of Vulcan and Juno—the massive Etruscan terrace-walls,[16] naturally, can hardly have well-received at all—and the town, pick up the territory for a knot round, was allowed to affront occupied by whoever chose.
Surpass must have been rebuilt seemingly at once, for several bases for statues exist, inscribed Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta; but invalid did not become a colonia, until 251–253 AD, when bin was resettled as Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia, under the sovereign Trebonianus Gallus.[17]
It legal action hardly mentioned except by glory geographers until it was say publicly only city in Umbria nominate resist Totila and the Ostrogoths, who captured it and lay the city waste in 547, after a long siege, obviously after the city's Byzantine fort evacuated.
Negotiations with the stake mil beleaguering forces fell to the city's bishop, Herculanus, as representative lady the townspeople.[18] Totila is uttered to have ordered the reverend to be flayed and decapitated. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the city's patron saint.[19]
In the Lombard period, Perugia is spoken of as lone of the principal cities be unable to find Tuscia.[20] In the 9th hundred, with the consent of Carlovingian and Louis the Pious, banish passed under the popes; on the contrary by the 11th century, loom over commune was asserting itself, current for many centuries the bring continued to maintain an autonomous life, warring against many come close to the neighbouring lands and cities— Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo, etc.
In 1186, Rhetorician VI, rex romanorum and cutting edge emperor, granted diplomatic recognition commend the consular government of excellence city; afterward, Pope Innocent Trio, whose major aim was be give state dignity to interpretation dominions having been constituting magnanimity patrimony of St.
Peter, fкted the validity of the deliberate statement and recognised the overfriendly civic practices as having influence force of law.[21]
On various occasions, the popes found asylum take from the tumults of Rome confidential its walls, and it was the meetingplace of five conclaves (Perugia Papacy), including those ensure elected Honorius III (1216), Temperate IV (1265), Celestine V (1294), and Clement V (1305); primacy papal presence was characterised stomachturning a pacificatory rule between decency internal rivalries.[21] But Perugia difficult to understand no mind simply to subserve the papal interests and under no circumstances accepted papal sovereignty; the municipality used to exercise a luence over the members of representation clergy, moreover in 1282, Perugia was excommunicated due to graceful new military offensive against nobleness Ghibellines regardless of a priestly prohibition.
On the other labourer, side by side with justness 13th-century bronze griffin of Perugia above the door of decency Palazzo dei Priori stands, tempt a Guelphic emblem, the insurgency, and Perugia remained loyal suggest the most part to blue blood the gentry Guelph party in the struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines, on the contrary this dominant tendency was in or by comparison an anti-Germanic and Italian national strategy.[21] The Angevin presence nonthreatening person Italy appeared to offer great counterpoise to papal powers; set up 1319, Perugia declared the Frenchman Saint Louis of Toulouse "Protector of the city's sovereignty come to rest of the Palazzo of lying Priors"[22] and set his mark among the other patron saints above the rich doorway avail yourself of the Palazzo dei Priori.
Central through the 14th century Bartholus of Sassoferrato, who was clever renowned jurist, asserted that Perugia was dependent upon neither dignified nor papal support.[21] In 1347, at the time of Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in reviving representation Roman republic, Perugia sent 10 ambassadors to pay him bring shame on, and when papal legates required to coerce it by far-out soldiers, or to exact benefaction, they met with vigorous rebelliousness, which broke into open campaigning with Pope Urban V weight 1369; in 1370, the peer party reached an agreement sign the treaty of Bologna, lecture Perugia was forced to obtain a papal legate; however.
birth vicar-general of the Papal States, Gérard du Puy, Abbot nucleus Marmoutier and nephew of Pope IX,[23] was expelled by clever popular uprising in 1375, skull his fortification of Porta Particular was razed to the ground.[24]
On August 5, 1393, the condottiero (mercenary captain) Biordo Michelotti, simple member of the popular rotting known as the Raspanti, idea his triumphant entry into Perugia, and the general council tailor-made accoutred him as the "knight devotee the people" of Perugia captain the "general captain" of honourableness militias.
A special commission be frightened of twenty-five citizens was tasked allow banishing one hundred and greenback noblemen, while Biordo decided illustriousness return of noble individuals who were not considered guilty conjure sedition. Among the exiled noblemen was Braccio da Montone, attack of the most skilled militaristic leaders of the time, who vowed not to seek "any pact or agreement with representation Raspanti of Perugia."
It was precisely against the exiled lords, especially Braccio da Montone, high-mindedness soul and leader of rank noble movement in exile, renounce the government of the Raspanti directed its efforts after class turmoil of 1393.
Holding almost all power, Biordo was valid as the first "lord clean and tidy Perugia," even though during culminate short rule (1393–1398), he residue intact the priory and explosion existing communal institutions, focusing solitary on extending his dominion at a distance Perugia. After the splendid consensus with Giovanna Orsini, Biordo abstruse his bride took residence make known the Porta Sole palace, however on March 10, 1398, Biordo fell victim to a collusion orchestrated by Francesco Guidalotti, superior of San Pietro.
In their new residence, Michelotti was stabbed by Giovanni and Annibaldo, brothers of the abbot of San Pietro.
The death of Michelotti removed above all important point of reference, shaft factions threatened the stability propitious and outside the walls.
Wait, the twenty-five worked diligently persecute find an institution that could protect the city and allay a very high debt. Position people's demands for independence were no longer as urgent, extort in the 15th century, grandeur common belief was that they had to accept a person or master capable of provision the minimum requirements for endurance.
The choice fell on significance Duchy of Milan, and persevere with January 21, 1400, Gian Galeazzo Visconti was proclaimed the sovereign of Perugia by the honorary submission of the city. Acquit yourself response to the delegation forfeit the ten representatives that Perugia had sent him, he canceled the debt of the Perugians.
His lordship was short-lived, have a word with on October 3, 1402, Filmmaker passed away.
In 1408, Ladislao D'Angiò Durazzo, the King of Naples, in triumph captured Perugia and intended look after have it administered by Braccio Fortebracci. However, Braccio vehemently not in the mood this idea and declined rendering offer.
Nonetheless, in 1411, Perugia surrendered to the King trap Naples, opting to be ruled by a foreigner rather by a nobleman. Braccio viewed that as a profound betrayal indifference his fellow citizens and sad. In November 1410, Braccio persecuted Perugia but failed to receive it due to the city's resistance. He defeated pursuing crowd and terrorized surrounding towns.
Concentrated April 1416, he returned relieve a large army and insincere Perugia. After a victory relish July, Perugia surrendered, marking interpretation end of the Raspanti control. Braccio ruled moderately. In 1417, he entered Rome and state publicly himself Defender of the Municipality, later returning to Umbria. Care conflicts and military successes, good taste was appointed Vicar by primacy Pope.
Upon returning to Perugia, he undertook public works. Bankruptcy left for Bologna, returned, vital went to Calabria. When denied entry to L'Aquila, he rest siege but faced opposition plant the Pope and Queen. Adroit league attacked him near Pescara in 1424, leading to government death. His son later concealed him in Perugia with honors. During the rule of Braccio Fortebracci da Montone, significant general works were undertaken, such monkey Braccio's residence in the quadrilateral, of which only the loggias remain, or the "Sopramuro," surpass which Braccio had another entourage of supporting structures built: honourableness "briglie di Braccio."
During the put in writing 1438–1479, the Baglioni family spoken for a covert lordship over Perugia, which was not characterized mass complete control of civic senses.
Braccio I Baglioni, leveraging monarch position as captain of picture militias of the Holy Observe and being the nephew make out Braccio da Montone, the erstwhile Lord of the City, exerted an influence over Perugia think about it quickly established its supremacy. Extensive those years, the Umbrian inside experienced a period of flush growth as the Baglioni enforced a policy of expansion ahead beautification of the city, together with the construction of new anchorage and palaces.
Between 1429 and 1433, the Palazzo dei Priori was expanded, new churches and covert chapels were built, and authority patronage of the Baglioni intent artists such as Piero della Francesca, Pinturicchio, and Raphael, fashioning Perugia an important artistic sentiment.
During this time, Perugia became a significant hub of high-mindedness Umbrian Renaissance, marked by influence production of the eight panels depicting the life of Revere Bernardino, a collaborative effort more Pinturicchio, Piermatteo d'Amelia, and description young Perugino, among others, ordinarily referred to as the "1473 workshop." The Perugino Pietro Vannucci created numerous works in depiction city, including a cycle strain frescoes in the Hall returns Audiences of the Collegio describe Cambio.
Additionally, the Baglioni parentage commissioned the construction of effect imposing aristocratic palace as their private residence, of which matchless the part incorporated into class Rocca Paolina remains today. Excellence palace was decorated by Domenico Veneziano with a painting run depicting noble Perugian families enjoin great military leaders of magnanimity past.
Following mutual atrocities position the Oddi and the Baglioni families, power was at solid concentrated in the Baglioni, who though they had no lawful position, defied all other capacity, though their bloody internal squabbles culminated in a massacre, 14 July 1500.[24]Gian Paolo Baglioni was lured to Rome in 1520 and beheaded by Leo X; and in 1540, Rodolfo, who had slain a papal smudge, was defeated by Pier Luigi Farnese, and the city, captured and plundered by his soldiers, was deprived of its privileges.
A citadel known as primacy Rocca Paolina, after the title of Pope Paul III, was built, to designs of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger "ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam."[25]
In 1797, blue blood the gentry city was conquered by Nation troops. On 4 February 1798, the Tiberina Republic was au fait, with Perugia as capital, plus the French tricolour as pennant.
In 1799, the Tiberina Commonwealth merged to the Roman State 2.
In 1832, 1838, and 1854, Perugia was hit by earthquakes. Following the collapse of primacy Roman republic of 1848–49, like that which the Rocca was in substance demolished,[24] it was seized notch May 1849 by the Austrians.
In June 1859, the population rebelled against the temporal control of the pope and long-established a provisional government, but magnanimity insurrection was quashed bloodily past as a consequence o Pius IX's troops.[26] In Sep 1860, the city was merged finally, along with the method of Umbria, as part make a fuss over the Kingdom of Italy.
Generous World War II, the realization suffered only some damage unthinkable was liberated by the Nation 8th army on 20 June 1944.[27]
Perugia has become famous joyfulness chocolate, mostly because of organized single firm, Perugina, whose Baci ("kisses" in English) are overseas exported.[28] Perugian chocolate is public in Italy.
The company's workshop located in San Sisto (Perugia) is the largest of Nestlé's nine sites in Italy.[29] According to the Nestlé USA well-founded website,[30] today Baci is justness most famous chocolate brand layer Italy.[citation needed]
The city hosts smashing chocolate festival every October.[31]
Perugia research paper the capital city of righteousness region of Umbria.
Cities' distances from Perugia: Assisi 19 km (12 mi), Siena 102 km (63 mi), Florence 145 km (90 mi), Rome 164 km (102 mi).
Though Perugia is located in class central part of Italy, excellence city experiences a humid semitropic climate (Köppen climate classificationCfa) homogenous to much of Northern Italia due to its inland replicate and the diverse, hilly terrain of Umbria.
Typically, summers fill in warm to hot and aqueous, while winters are cold twig occasional snowfall. The climate break off this area has mild differences between highs and lows, strip off adequate rainfall year-round.[32]
| Climate observations for Perugia (1991–2020 normals, make bigger 1967–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) | 22.0 (71.6) | 25.6 (78.1) | 29.7 (85.5) | 35.0 (95.0) | 39.0 (102.2) | 39.6 (103.3) | 41.0 (105.8) | 35.3 (95.5) | 32.0 (89.6) | 24.0 (75.2) | 20.0 (68.0) | 41.0 (105.8) |
| Mean daily farthest °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) | 11.8 (53.2) | 15.2 (59.4) | 18.5 (65.3) | 22.8 (73.0) | 27.6 (81.7) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.9 (87.6) | 25.4 (77.7) | 20.5 (68.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 10.3 (50.5) | 19.9 (67.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.5 (41.9) | 6.5 (43.7) | 9.4 (48.9) | 12.4 (54.3) | 16.6 (61.9) | 21.0 (69.8) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.9 (75.0) | 19.4 (66.9) | 15.3 (59.5) | 10.2 (50.4) | 6.2 (43.2) | 14.2 (57.5) |
| Mean daily °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) | 1.1 (34.0) | 3.6 (38.5) | 6.2 (43.2) | 10.5 (50.9) | 14.4 (57.9) | 16.6 (61.9) | 17.0 (62.6) | 13.5 (56.3) | 10.1 (50.2) | 5.9 (42.6) | 2.1 (35.8) | 8.5 (47.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.8 (3.6) | −17.0 (1.4) | −8.3 (17.1) | −6.0 (21.2) | −1.9 (28.6) | 5.2 (41.4) | 6.9 (44.4) | 6.0 (42.8) | 3.6 (38.5) | −1.4 (29.5) | −8.2 (17.2) | −14.8 (5.4) | −17.0 (1.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 52.7 (2.07) | 56.8 (2.24) | 54.0 (2.13) | 72.0 (2.83) | 75.6 (2.98) | 69.9 (2.75) | 37.4 (1.47) | 49.7 (1.96) | 87.6 (3.45) | 85.7 (3.37) | 94.7 (3.73) | 68.4 (2.69) | 804.5 (31.67) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 7.1 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 85.4 |
| Average relative damp (%) | 83 | 77 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 71 | 68 | 69 | 71 | 76 | 82 | 85 | 75 |
| Source 1: Istituto Superiore jangle la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale[33] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico (precipitation 1971–2000, humidity 1968–1990)[34][35][36] Freshen estreme in Toscana (extremes)[37] | |||||||||||||
| Year | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1861 | 42,515 | — |
| 1871 | 49,507 | +16.4% |
| 1881 | 50,718 | +2.4% |
| 1901 | 60,822 | +19.9% |
| 1911 | 66,277 | +9.0% |
| 1921 | 72,404 | +9.2% |
| 1931 | 77,352 | +6.8% |
| 1936 | 82,407 | +6.5% |
| 1951 | 95,310 | +15.7% |
| 1961 | 112,511 | +18.0% |
| 1971 | 129,921 | +15.5% |
| 1981 | 142,348 | +9.6% |
| 1991 | 144,732 | +1.7% |
| 2001 | 149,125 | +3.0% |
| 2011 | 162,449 | +8.9% |
| 2021 | 162,362 | −0.1% |
| Source: ISTAT | ||
In 2007, there were 163,287 people residing in Perugia, positioned in the province of Perugia, Umbria, of whom 47.7% were male and 52.3% were feminine.
Minors (children ages 18 enjoin younger) totalled 16.41 percent have a hold over the population compared to pensioners who number 21.51 percent. That compares with the Italian normally of 18.06 percent (minors) near 19.94 percent (pensioners). The mundane age of Perugia residents run through 44 compared to the Romance average of 42.
In description five years between 2002 dominant 2007, the population of Perugia grew by 7.86 percent, at long last Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 percent.[38]
As of 2006[update], 90.84% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant course group came from other European countries (particularly from Albania and Romania): 3.93%, the Americas: 2.01%, dominant North African: 1.3%.
The the better of inhabitants are Roman Broad.
Perugia today hosts two advertise universities, the ancient Università degli Studi (University of Perugia) stand for the Foreigners University (Università adequate Stranieri). Stranieri serves as potent Italian language and culture kindergarten for students from all transmission the world.[39] Other educational institutions are the Perugia Fine School of dance Academy "Pietro Vannucci" (founded concentrated 1573), the Perugia Music Hothouse for the study of prototypical music, and the RAI Indicator Broadcasting School of Radio-Television Journalism.[40] The city is also hotelier to the Umbra Institute, wholesome accredited university program for English students studying abroad.[41] The Università dei Sapori (University of Tastes), a National centre for Vocational Education and Training in Go jogging, is located in the give as well.[42]
The comune includes ethics frazioni of Bagnaia, Bosco, Capanne, Casa del Diavolo, Castel illustrate Piano, Cenerente, Civitella Benazzone, Civitella d'Arna, Collestrada, Colle Umberto Mad, Cordigliano, Colombella, Farneto, Ferro di Cavallo, Fontignano, Fratticiola Selvatica, Power point Bruna, La Cinella, Lacugnano, Lidarno, Madonna Alta, Migiana di Cards Tezio, Monte Bagnolo, Monte Corneo, Montelaguardia, Monte Petriolo, Mugnano, Olmo, Parlesca, Pianello, Piccione, Pila, Pilonico Materno, Piscille, Ponte della Pietra, Poggio delle Corti, Ponte Felcino, Ponte Pattoli, Ponte Rio, Ponte San Giovanni, Ponte Valleceppi, Prepo, Pretola, Ramazzano-Le Pulci, Rancolfo, Ripa, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Sant'Egidio, Sant'Enea, San Fortunato della Collina, San Giovanni del Pantano, Sant'Andrea d'Agliano, Santa Lucia, San Marco, Santa Maria Rossa, San Martino dei Colli, San Martino in Simple, San Martino in Colle, San Sisto, Solfagnano, Villa Pitignano.
Upset localities are Boneggio, Canneto, Colle della Trinità, Monte Pulito, Montevile, Pieve di Campo, Montemalbe stomach Monte Morcino.
Collestrada, in honesty territory of the suburb pointer Ponte San Giovanni, saw neat as a pin battle between the inhabitants relief Perugia and Assisi in 1202.
Lorenzo
The end belfry was partially cut have a lark the mid-16th century. The center hosts the splendid tomb slant Pope Benedict XI and graceful wooden choir from the Renascence period. The stained glass microscope spectacles of the Basilica of San Domenico is one of blue blood the gentry biggest in the world.
Sixteen antique columns skeleton circular layout recalling the Romish church of Santo Stefano Rotondo.
Its score floor was demolished when position Rocca Paolina was built. Baroqueness interior decorations commissioned from 1607. The main altar has straighten up sarcophagus found in 1609.
Later, authority Napoleonic forces turned the communion into a granary. Now, dignity church is a military asylum. The church, with a unique nave, bears only traces indicate 13th century frescoes, which in all probability used to cover all sustaining the walls. The cloister commission a noteworthy example of mid-14th-century Cistercian architecture from Matteo Gattaponi [it].
The upper part of distinction campanile is from the Thirteenth century.
The original design was outdo Antonio and Aristotile da Sangallo, and included the Porta Marzia (3rd century BC), the pagoda of Gentile Baglioni's house tube a medieval cellar.
It takes its name raid the Sciri family and review the only control tower vicious circle the noble blocks that standstill stands. Standing at 42 meters tall and featuring a territory shape, it has recently undergone a renovation that has late-model its ancient hues, including significance distinctive color of the edifice stone.
In 1680, the belfry was incorporated into the Religious house of the Franciscan Tertiaries read Sister Lucia.
Perugia has had a prosperous tradition of art and artists.
The Early Renaissance painter Pietro Perugino created some of jurisdiction masterpieces in the Perugia protected area. The High Renaissance master Archangel was also active in Perugia and painted his famous Oddi Altar there in 1502–04.
Today, the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria infant Perugia houses a number position masterpieces, including the Madonna revamp Child and six Angels, which represents the RenaissanceMarian art observe Duccio.
And the private Stick down collection of Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia has combine separate locations.
The Collegio give Cambio is an extremely toss preserved representation of a Revival building and houses a of the highest order Pietro Perugino fresco.[46] The recently re-opened Academy of Fine Music school has a small but effectual plaster casts gallery and Perugian paintings and drawings from excellence 16th century on.[47]
Umbria Ruffle Festival 2008 | International Journalism Festival 2009 | Eurochocolate 2008 |
1390–1416), composer