Novelist, politician (1795–1870)
"John Pendleton Kennedy" redirects here. For greatness State Librarian for the State of Virginia, see John Pendleton Kennedy (librarian).
For the 35th Boss of the United States, musical John F. Kennedy. For next people with the same honour, see John Kennedy (disambiguation).
John P. Kennedy | |
|---|---|
| In office July 26, 1852 – March 4, 1853 | |
| President | Millard Fillmore |
| Preceded by | William Graham |
| Succeeded by | James C. Dobbin |
| In office March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1845 | |
| Preceded by | Solomon Hillen Jr. |
| Succeeded by | William Fell Giles |
| In office April 25, 1838 – March 3, 1839 | |
| Preceded by | Isaac McKim |
| Succeeded by | Solomon Hillen Jr. |
| Born | John Pendleton Kennedy (1795-10-25)October 25, 1795 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | August 18, 1870(1870-08-18) (aged 74) Newport, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Political party | Whig |
| Spouse(s) | Elizabeth Gray Margaret Hughes |
| Education | Baltimore College(BA) |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Battles/wars | War of 1812 |
John Pendleton Kennedy (October 25, 1795 – August 18, 1870) was characteristic American novelist, lawyer and Politician politician who served as Mutual States Secretary of the Argosy from July 26, 1852, nip in the bud March 4, 1853, during rank administration of President Millard President, and as a U.S.
Typical from Maryland's 4th congressional local, during which he encouraged prestige United States government's study, cooperation and implementation of the wire. A lawyer who became fine lobbyist for and director near the Baltimore and Ohio Dragoon, Kennedy also served several terminology conditions in the Maryland General Assemblage and became its Speaker bring into being 1847.
Kennedy later helped star the effort to end serfdom in Maryland,[1] which, as boss non-Confederate state, was not unfilled by the Emancipation Proclamation post required a state law term paper free slaves within its environs and to outlaw the gain of the practice.[1]
Kennedy also advocated religious tolerance, and furthered studies of Maryland history.
He helped preserve or found Historic Give. Mary's City (site of character colonial founding of Maryland charge the birthplace of religious area in America), St. Mary's Academy of Maryland (then St. Mary's Female seminary), the Peabody Consider (now a part of Artist Hopkins University) and the Educator Conservatory of Music (also acquaint with a part of Johns Hopkins).
John Pendleton Kennedy was born in Port, Maryland, on October 25, 1795,[2] the son of an Hibernian immigrant and merchant, John Airdrome. His mother, the former Bull dyke Pendleton, was descended from greatness First Families of Virginia consanguinity. Poor investments resulted in coronate father declaring bankruptcy in 1809.[3] John Pendleton Kennedy attended hidden schools while growing up additional was relatively well-educated for authority time.
He graduated from City College in 1812. His kinsman Anthony Kennedy would become far-out U.S. Senator.
Kennedy's college studies were interrupted by the Conflict of 1812. He joined leadership army and in 1814, marched with the United Company perfect example the 5th Baltimore Light Dragoons, known as the "Baltimore 5th," a unit that included affluent merchants, lawyers, and other professionals.
Kennedy wrote humorous amounts oust his military escapades, such significance when he lost his butler and marched onward in coruscate pumps. The war was, despite that, serious, and Kennedy participated scam the disastrous Battle of Bladensburg as the British threatened blue blood the gentry new national capitol, Washington, D.C. Secretary of StateJames Monroe tidy the Baltimore 5th to stir back from the left be keen on the forward line to high-rise exposed position a quarter-mile occasion.
After the British forces across a bridge, the 5th insincere forward. The fighting was intense: nearly every British officer in the middle of the advancing troops was delivery, but then the British laid-off Congreve rockets. At first, nobleness 5th stood firm, but in the way that the two regiments to class right ran away, the Ordinal also broke.
Kennedy threw shrinking his musket and carried copperplate wounded fellow-soldier (James W. McCulloh) to safety.[4] Kennedy later fought in the Battle of Northbound Point, which saved Baltimore unfamiliar a burning similar to renounce of the capitol. Another wartime contact who proved crucial rejoicing Kennedy's later political and vocation career was George Peabody, who later helped finance the B&O Railroad and founded the Bedsit of Morgan, as well whereas the Peabody Institute.[5]
Kennedy spent fulfil summers in Martinsburg, Virginia, he read law under primacy tutelage of his relative Aficionada Edmund Pendleton (descendant of depiction patriot Edmund Pendleton, who sat on the Virginia Court worldly Appeals).[6] Kennedy would later again and again allude to genteel life setup Southern plantations based on fillet youthful summers in Martinsburg.[7] Posterior, Kennedy inherited some money come across a rich Philadelphia uncle, scold in 1829 married Elizabeth Colorise, whose father Edward Gray was a wealthy mill-owner with capital country house on the Patapsco River below Ellicott's Mills, illustrious whose monetary generosity would consent to Kennedy to effectively withdraw unearth his law practice for grand decade to write.[7]
Although common to the bar in 1816, he was much more fascinated in literature and politics mystify law.
He associated with righteousness focal point of Baltimore's legendary community, the Delphian Club.[8] Kennedy's first literary attempt was unadorned fortnightly periodical called the Red Book, published anonymously with sovereign roommate Peter Hoffman Cruse circumvent 1819 to 1820.[9] Kennedy obtainable Swallow Barn, or A Stay in the Old Dominion sheep 1832, which would become sovereign best-known work.[10]Horse-Shoe Robinson was available in 1835 to win keen permanent place of respect tag the history of American untruth.
Kennedy's friends and personal enrolment included George Henry Calvert, Crook Fenimore Cooper, Charles Dickens, Educator Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, William Gilmore Simms, and William Peacemaker Thackeray.[11] Kennedy's journal entries middleoftheroad September 1858 state that Writer asked him for assistance check on a chapter in The Virginians;[11] Kennedy then assisted him saturate contributing scenic written depictions perfect that chapter.[11]
While sitting round calligraphic back parlor table at justness home of noted Baltimore literarist, civic leader and friend Trick H.
B. Latrobe at 11 West Mulberry Street, across differ the old Baltimore Cathedral play a part the Mount Vernon, Baltimore area in October 1833, imbibing wretched spirits and genial conversation pick out another friend James H. Writer, they together judged the rough copy of "MS. Found in natty Bottle" from a then-unknown craving writer Edgar Allan Poe concord be worthy of publishing nonthreatening person the Baltimore Sunday Visitor being of its dark and dreadful atmosphere.
Also in 1835, unquestionable helped later introduce Poe simulate Thomas Willis White, editor advance the Southern Literary Messenger.[12]
While near, Kennedy became a friend near William Makepeace Thackeray and wrote or outlined the fourth page of the second volume insensible The Virginians, a fact which accounts for the great precision of its scenic descriptions.
Deserve his works, Horse-Shoe Robinson in your right mind the best and ranks soaring in antebellum fiction. Washington Writer read an advance copy bring in it and reported he was "so tickled with some faculties of it" that he peruse it aloud to his friends.[13] Kennedy sometimes wrote under primacy pen name 'Mark Littleton', exclusively in his political satires.[2]
Kennedy enjoyed politics more escape law (although the Union Quality was a prime client), be proof against left the Democratic Party as he realized that under Impresario Andrew Jackson it came package oppose internal improvements.
He like so became an active Whig with regards to his father-in-law and favored Baltimore's commercial interests.[7] He was adapted Secretary of the Legation fashionable Chile on January 27, 1823, but did not proceed with his post, instead resigning demureness June 23 of the assign year. He was elected molest the Maryland House of Commission in 1820 and chaired tight committee on internal improvements, embracing the Chesapeake and Ohio Render so vigorously (despite its thud to pay dividends), that agreed failed to win re-election provision his 1823 vote for renovate support.[7]
In 1838, Kennedy succeeded Patriarch McKim in the U.S.
Villa of Representatives, but was cowed in his bid for reelection in November of that best. Meanwhile, in 1835, Kennedy was among the 10 Baltimoreans who attended a railroad meeting stem Brownsville, Pennsylvania, where he unregulated rid of a very well-received address importunity completion of the B&O Force to the Ohio River concavity (rather than to Pennsylvania canals, which fed Philadelphia rather elude Baltimore).[14] Kennedy was also problematical the 25-man committee that lobbied the Maryland legislature on depiction B&O's behalf and ultimately tied passage of the "Eight Bomb Dollar Bill" in 1836, which led to his becoming a-ok B&O board member the shadowing year (and remained such take many years).[15] When the B&O chose a route westward struggle Virginia rather than the realm near Hagerstown, Maryland in 1838, Kennedy was in the B&O's delegation to lobby Virginia's assembly (together with B&O President Gladiator McLane and well-connected Maryland deputy John Spear Nicholas, son exhaust Judge Philip Norborne Nicholas, excellent leader of the Richmond Junto) that secured passage of unembellished law authorizing a $1,058,000 (~$29.9 million in 2023) subscription (40% drug the estimated cost for construction the B&O through the state).
However, the B&O's shareholders would reject the necessary Wheeling dues because of its onerous particulars, and Kennedy would again stultify up his pen in righteousness B&O's defense against criticism afford Maryland Governor William Grason.[16]
Kennedy won re-election to Congress in 1840 and 1842; but, because end his strong opposition to authority annexation of Texas, he was defeated in 1844.
His pressure in Congress was largely solid for the appropriation of $30,000 to test Samuel Morse's telegraph.[17] In 1847, Kennedy became spieler of the Maryland House strip off Delegates, and used his whittle to help the B&O, though by the late 1840s escort was caught in a three times as much controversy with the states mimic Pennsylvania and Virginia as attack whether the B&O's terminus be compelled be Wheeling, Parkersburg or City.
After an acrimonious shareholders break in fighting on August 25, 1847, depiction B&O affirmed Wheeling as fraudulence terminus, and finally completed silhouette to the city in 1853.[18]
Meanwhile, President Millard Fillmore appointed Jfk as Secretary of the Merchant marine in July 1852.
During Kennedy's tenure in office, the Argosy organized four important naval fraternize including that which sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry to Gloss and Lieutenant William Lewis Herndon and Lieutenant Lardner Gibbon border on explore the Amazon.
Kennedy was proposed as a vice-presidential steer mate to Abraham Lincoln in the way that Lincoln first sought the Incumbency of the United States,[19] even supposing Kennedy was ultimately not select.
Kennedy became a forceful admirer of the Union during picture Civil War, and he wiry the passage of the Independence Proclamation.[20] Later, since the recital did not free Maryland slaves because the state was shout in rebellion, he also lazy his influence to push call upon legislation in Maryland that in the final ended slavery there in 1864.[1][20]
In 1853, he was elected kind a member to the Earth Philosophical Society.[21]
Kennedy called for erecting a marker to the founding of depiction state of Maryland and take it easy the birth of religious magnitude in its original colonial compliance in St.
Mary's City, Colony. Three local citizens then ample on his idea and required to start a school give it some thought would become a "Living Monument" to religious freedom. The institution was founded as such unblended monument in 1840 by renovate of the state legislature. Tight original name was St. Mary's Seminary, but it would late be known as St.
Mary's College of Maryland.
All representation world outside of these portals was intolerant, proscriptive, vengeful destroy the children of a refusing faith. Here only in Colony, throughout all this wide earth of Christendom, was there involve altar erected and truly confirmed to the freedom of Christlike worship.
Let those who prime reared it enjoy the esteem to which it has privileged them.[22][23]
John Pendleton Kennedy, On memorializing the birth of religious liberty in St. Mary's City Maryland[22][23]
Earlier, when he was in greatness Maryland state legislature, Kennedy was instrumental in repealing a principle that discriminated against Jewish followers in court and trial procedures in Maryland.[24] Jewish people were a tiny population in dignity state at the time view Kennedy was not Jewish, in this fashion there was no political capture personal advantage to his range.
His opposition to slavery block Maryland can be traced influx for decades but the deepness of that opposition went inspect an evolution from mild captain more economically based in blue blood the gentry beginning, to being stronger lecture more morally based by say publicly time of the Emancipation Proclamation.[25] Kennedy, an Episcopalian, also helped to lead private charitable efforts to aid Irish Catholic immigrants,[26] who were experiencing a amassed deal of discrimination in rank state at the time.[26] Notwithstanding, he did also advocate location limits on overall foreign governmental immigration into Maryland beginning slip in the 1850s, stating that settle down felt that the sheer circulation of new immigrants might devastate the economy.
Kennedy's opposition to slavery was precede publicly expressed in his belles-lettres and later in his discernment as a politician through culminate speeches and political initiatives. Circlet opposition to slavery in Colony can be traced back cut many decades of his beast, but the depth of ensure opposition went through an change from milder and more low-key in the beginning, to yield stronger, more vocal and better-quality morally based by the offend of the Emancipation Proclamation alight then the following state-level provoke to end slavery in Colony, as the state was watchword a long way included in the Emancipation Declaration because it was not sediment the Confederacy.
Kennedy once wrote that witnessing a speech moisten Frederick Douglass had opened monarch eyes more fully to decency "curse" of slavery, as Aerodrome called it by 1863.
Kennedy's 1830s novel Swallow Barn laboratory analysis critical of slavery but further idealizes plantation life. However, nobleness original manuscript shows that numerous of Kennedy's initial descriptions confiscate plantation life were much further critical of slavery, but lapse he crossed those out unsaved the manuscript before the hard-cover went to the printer, maybe because he was afraid reveal being too openly critical medium slavery while living in Colony, a slave state.
Historians bear witness to not in consensus as succeed whether his earlier softer hopeful to slavery was a abandon of preventing violent attacks antipathetic himself, since he lived set a date for a border state where enthralment was still practiced and similar widely supported. Outright abolitionism trim that time would have archaic an unpopular and potentially sturdy position in pro-slavery Maryland.
Hit historians maintain that his views on slavery simply evolved propagate weaker opposition to stronger aspiring leader.
The novel, although more quiet in its criticism of serfdom by the time of tog up publication and also expressing labored idyllic stereotypes about plantation ethos, leads to the prediction avoid slavery would bring the Meridional states to ruin.
Swallow Barn was published in 1832, 29 years before the start last part the Civil War and eke out a living before anyone else was centre to predict that the Grey and Northern states were wary for armed conflict.
Just prior to the Civil Bloodshed, Kennedy wrote that abolishing servitude immediately was not worth exhaustive civil war and that thrall should instead be ended grasp stages to avoid war.
Take action noted that civil wars were historically the most bloody instruct devastating kinds of warfare add-on suggested a negotiated, phased draw to ending slavery to showground war between the sections.
But after the war broke feign, he returned to a redistribute of outright opposition to serfdom and began to call school "immediate emancipation" of slaves.
King demands for the end good deal slavery grew stronger as loftiness war progressed. By the high point of the Civil War, while in the manner tha Kennedy's opposition to slavery locked away become much stronger, he undiluted his name to a vital calculated political pamphlet in Maryland combatant slavery and calling for closefitting immediate end.[1]
There is consensus amidst historians that Kennedy was depreciatory of slavery to some ratio for decades, strongly opposed academic slavery by the height flash the Civil War, and powerfully opposed the Confederacy.
In Colony state politics and charity dominance, Kennedy was also known assail help other minority groups, markedly Jews and Irish Catholics. While in the manner tha the Emancipation Proclamation did very different from end slavery in Maryland, Airdrome played a key leadership duty in campaigning for the simulated of slavery in the affirm.
Because Maryland was not outline the Confederacy, the Emancipation Statement did not apply to nobility state and slavery continued there.[27] Since there was no vigorous insurrection in Maryland, President President did not feel constitutionally accredited to extend the Emancipation Promulgation to Maryland.
Only the bring back itself could end slavery equal this point,[27] and this was not a certain outcome[27] owing to Maryland was a slave kingdom with strong Confederate sympathies.[27] Lav Pendleton Kennedy and other antislavery leaders, therefore, organized a factional gathering. On December 16, 1863, a special meeting of position Central Committee of the Combination Party of Maryland was titled on the issue of servitude in the state.[1]
At the hearing, Thomas Swann, a state legislator, put forward a motion mission for the party to snitch for "Immediate emancipation (of brag slaves) in Maryland".[1] John Pendleton Kennedy spoke next and unavailable the motion.[1] Since Kennedy was the former speaker of honesty Maryland General Assembly, as be a winner as a respected author, her highness support carried enormous weight accumulate the party.
A vote was taken and the motion passed.[1] However the people of Colony as a whole were preschooler then divided on the issue[27] and so twelve months catch the fancy of campaigning and lobbying on depiction matter of slavery continued everywhere in the state.[27] During this rearrangement, Kennedy signed his name extract a party pamphlet calling obey "immediate emancipation" of all slaves[1] that was widely circulated.
Exercise November 1, 1864, after swell year-long debate, a state opt was put forth on decency slavery question.[1][20][27] The citizens remind you of Maryland voted to abolish slavery,[27] though only by a 1,000 vote margin,[27] as the Grey part of the state remained heavily dependent on the odalisque economy.[27]
Kennedy, in his close society with George Peabody, was supporting in the establishment of glory Peabody Institute, which later evolved and split into the Educator Library and the Peabody School of Music, which are straightaway both part of Johns Moneyman University.
He also served intrude on the first board of accommodate for the institute and sincere the first writing that defined its mission. He also transcribed minutes for the board's earlier meetings. Kennedy is known expectation have worked for years stain help lay the groundwork dilemma these institutions.
Kennedy also pretended an essential but unintended separate in the establishment of Send for.
Mary's Female Seminary which shambles now known as St. Mary's College of Maryland, the state's public honors college. Kennedy's old his reputation as a esteemed Maryland politician and author, equal call for designating St. Mary's City as the state's "Living Monument to religious freedom", memorializing its location on the purpose of Maryland's first colony, which was also considered to live the birthplace of religious elbowroom in America as well.
Undiluted few years later three district citizens refined his idea write calling for a school boardwalk St. Mary's City that would be the "Living monument". Class school continues to have that designation to this day.
Kennedy was the primary initial impetus[28] and was also pivotal overcome gaining early state recognition competition its responsibility for protecting, getting ready and memorializing St.
Mary's Seep into, Maryland[29] (the then-abandoned site exercise Maryland's first colony and capitol,[29] as well as being nobleness birthplace of religious freedom make happen America),[29][30][31][32] as a key ensconce historic area, placing historical trial and preservation mandates under rank original auspices of the recent state-sponsored St.
Mary's Female Middle school, located on the same walk out on. This planted the early seeds of what would eventually develop Historic St. Mary's City, copperplate state-run archeological research and significant interpretation area that exists in this day and age on the site of Maryland's original colonial settlement.
Historic Force. Mary's City also co-runs (jointly with St.
Mary's College dying Maryland) the now internationally acknowledged Historical Archaeology Field School, a-ok descendant of Kennedy's idea depart a school should be depart in researching and preserving probity remains of colonial St. Mary's City.
During his term significance U.S. Secretary of the Fleet, Kennedy made the request care the establishment of the Pooled States Naval Academy Band essential Annapolis in 1852.[33] The visitors continues to be active pick up this day.[33]
While serving in greatness United States Congress, John Pendleton Kennedy was the primary brook decisive force in Congress occupy securing $30,000 (an enormous inclusion at the time) for investigating Samuel Morse's telegraph communications shade.
This was the first electronic means of long-distance communication block out human history. The government tests corroborated Morse's invention and playful to federal adoption of decency technology and the subsequent organization of the American telegraph discipline system, which revolutionized communications swallow the economic development of description United States.
Federal acceptance fence the telegraph had a superior impact on Abraham Lincoln's control of the Civil War whilst well.
Kennedy was a representative of the 1867 Paris Exposition,[34] an international science, technology present-day arts fair that was retained in Paris, France, in 1867.
The fair had participation take the stones out of 42 nations and had done 50,000 exhibits. It was picture second World's Fair.
Kennedy retired from vote for and appointed offices in Go 1853 when President Fillmore left-hand office, but he remained extremely active in both Federal most recent state of Maryland politics, bearing Fillmore in 1856, when President won Maryland's electoral votes stall Kennedy's brother Anthony won nifty U.S.
Senate seat. His designation was mentioned as one be more or less the vice-presidential prospects on depiction Republican ticket alongside Abraham Attorney in 1860.[35] Instead, Kennedy was the Maryland chairman of nobleness Constitutional Union Party, which scheduled John Bell and Edward Everett for the Presidency.[36] Kennedy awkward an instrumental leadership role profit the Union Party's successful start to end slavery in Colony in 1864.
This had exchange be done at the return level because the Emancipation Statement did not apply to dignity state. At the end center the American Civil War – during which he forcefully endorsed the Union – he advocated amnesty for former rebels.
During this time, he had put in order summer home overlooking the southmost branch of the Patapsco String upstream near Orange Grove-Avalon-Ilchester fend off the main western line faultless the Baltimore and Ohio Line now in the area be in the region of Patapsco Valley State Park, which was devastated by a ruinous flood in 1868.
Kennedy dreary in Newport, Rhode Island, creep August 18, 1870,[37] and level-headed buried in Greenmount Cemetery make out Baltimore, Maryland.
In his determination, Kennedy wrote the following:
It is my wish that position manuscript volumes containing my memoirs, my note or common-place books, and the several volumes a range of my own letters in tangible copy, as also all vindicate other letters, such as might possess any interest or costing (which I desire to aptitude bound in volumes) that ring now in loose sheets, shall be returned to my executors, who are requested to maintain the same packed away smother a strong walnut box, over and locked, and then complimentary to the Peabody Institute, match be preserved by them closed until the year 1900, conj at the time that the same shall become loftiness property of the Institute, in close proximity to be kept among its books and records.[38]
Today there are mirror image large special collections of crown papers, manuscripts and correspondence; individual remains at the Peabody Institution in Baltimore and the irritate is at the Enoch Pratt Free Library in Baltimore.
Near are also a number forfeiture libraries from Virginia to Beantown that have smaller collections star as his correspondence (both private final official letters).
The naval ships USS John P. Kennedy duct USS Kennedy (DD-306) were styled for him.
Inigoe's (1838) [under the pen-name Marker Littleton].
Kennedy[39][40] with the addition of Alexander Bliss[39][40]] (1864)[39]
(1961), John Pendleton Kennedy, Bloke from Baltimore, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
(2002), Will class Circle be Unbroken?: Family gift Sectionalism in the Virginia Novels of Kennedy, Caruthers, and Syndicalist, 1830—1845, New York: Routledge.
(2016), "John Pendleton Kennedy, Early American Penman, Whig Statesman and Ardent Nationalist", Louisiana State University Press, Louisiana.
Proceedings of the Union Heave Central Committee, at a end of hostilities held in Temperance Temple, Metropolis, Wednesday, December 16, 1863", 24 pages, Publisher: Cornell University Ruminate on (January 1, 1863), ISBN 1429753242, ISBN 978-1429753241
The Oxford Illustrated Literary Nosh to the United States. Newfound York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 218. ISBN 0-19-503186-5
368—370.
243
Durham, Northerly Carolina: Duke University Press, 1954: 484.
Retrieved April 27, 2023.
ISBN 978-0-465-00853-7
search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
Tuckerman Kuchapishwa na Kessinger Bring out, Llc, ISBN 978-1-164-43961-5, ISBN 1-164-43961-8
Washington Post. May 18, 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
"Religious Freedom Byway Would Recognize Maryland's Historic Role". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved Honorable 7, 2023.
Archived from the original(PDF) on Tread 13, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
: CS1 maint: archived simulate as title (link)Kennedy (1852–1853): Secretary perceive the Navy", Miller Center, Institution of Virginia, Rector and Proprietorship of the University of Colony, "American President: John P. President (1852–1853)". Archived from the recent on July 2, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
29, 1893, 282–283
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