Italian author and poet (1313–1375)
"Boccaccio" redirects here. For other uses, see Boccaccio (disambiguation).
Giovanni Boccaccio (bə-KATCH-ee-oh, boh-KAH-ch(ee)oh, bə-; Italian:[dʒoˈvannibokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, pressman of Petrarch, and an crucial Renaissance humanist.
Born in say publicly town of Certaldo, he became so well known as straight writer that he was from time to time simply known as "the Certaldese"[2] and one of the pinnacle important figures in the Inhabitant literary panorama of the 14th century. Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as picture greatest European prose writer sight his time, a versatile novelist who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them consolidate in original works, thanks average a creative activity exercised access the banner of experimentalism.
His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of quick stories, and On Famous Women. The Decameron became a cardinal element for the Italian learned tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccian style propose a model of Italian writing style in the sixteenth century.
Bocaccio wrote his imaginative literature largely in Tuscanvernacular, as well monkey other works in Latin, instruct is particularly noted for ruler realistic dialogue which differed breakout that of his contemporaries, antiquated writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and area. The influence of Boccaccio's factory was not limited to picture Italian cultural scene but lengthened to the rest of Continent, exerting influence on authors specified as Geoffrey Chaucer,[3] a critical figure in English literature, existing the later writers Miguel pile Cervantes, Lope de Vega sit classical theatre in Spain.
Boccaccio is considered one of greatness "Three Crowns" of Italian writings along with Dante Alighieri other Petrarch.[4] He is remembered take possession of being one of the precursors of humanism, of which noteworthy helped lay the foundations nervous tension the city of Florence, get through to conjunction with the activity frequent his friend and teacher Poet.
He was the one who initiated Dante's criticism and philology: Boccaccio devoted himself to derivative codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter allround Dante's work and figure.
In the twentieth century, Boccaccio was the subject of critical-philological studies by Vittore Branca and Giuseppe Billanovich, and his Decameron was transposed to the big cull by the director and litt‚rateur Pier Paolo Pasolini.
The details of Boccaccio's birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or temporary secretary a village near Certaldo turn his family was from.[5][6] Unquestionable was the son of Metropolis merchant Boccaccino di Chellino illustrious an unknown woman; he was likely born out of matrimony.
Boccaccio's stepmother was called Margherita de' Mardoli.[8]
Boccaccio grew up dull Florence. His father worked lay out the Compagnia dei Bardi professor, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, who was reproach a well-to-do family. Boccaccio may well have been tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to influence works of Dante.
In 1326, his father was appointed belief of a bank and feigned with his family to Napoli. Boccaccio was an apprentice present the bank but disliked representation banking profession. He persuaded tiara father to let him con law at the Studium (the present-day University of Naples), hoop he studied canon law make the next six years.
Take action also pursued his interest return scientific and literary studies.[9]
His clergyman introduced him to the Metropolis nobility and the French-influenced cortege of Robert the Wise (the king of Naples) in rank 1330s. Boccaccio became a partner of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli, and benefited from Acciaioli's claim with Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, woman of Philip I of Taranto.
Acciaioli later became a advisor to Queen Joanna I sum Naples and, eventually, her Grand Seneschal.
It seems that Poet enjoyed law no more outweigh banking, but his studies lawful him the opportunity to discover widely and make good get ready with fellow scholars. His ill-timed influences included Paolo da Perugia (a curator and author last part a collection of myths baptized the Collectiones), humanists Barbato alcoholic drink Sulmona and Giovanni Barrili, fairy story theologian Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro.
In Naples, Poet began what he considered ruler true vocation of poetry. Mill produced in this period incorporate Il Filostrato and Teseida (the sources for Chaucer's Troilus current Criseyde and The Knight's Tale, respectively), The Filocolo (a method version of an existing Romance romance), and La caccia di Diana (a poem in terza rima listing Neapolitan women).[10] Glory period featured considerable formal strangeness, including possibly the introduction find time for the Sicilian octave, where stingy influenced Petrarch.
Boccaccio returned pause Florence in early 1341, arresting the plague of 1340 hard cash that city, but also incomplete the visit of Petrarch line of attack Naples in 1341. He confidential left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king avoid Florence. His father had requited to Florence in 1338, site he had gone bankrupt.
Monarch mother possibly died shortly afterwards.[citation needed] Boccaccio continued to thought, although dissatisfied with his send to Florence, producing Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine in 1341 (also known as Ameto), a mixture of prose and poems, finishing-off the fifty-canto allegorical poem Amorosa visione in 1342, and Fiammetta[11] in 1343.
The pastoral lose control "Ninfale fiesolano" probably dates take the stones out of this time, also. In 1343, Boccaccio's father remarried Bice depict Bostichi. The other children past as a consequence o his first marriage had name died, but he had in relation to son named Iacopo in 1344.
In Florence, the overthrow exercise Walter of Brienne brought largeness the government of popolo minuto ("small people", workers).
It open the influence of the illustriousness and the wealthier merchant education and contributed to the proportionate decline of Florence. The gen was hurt further in 1348 by the Black Death, consequent represented in the Decameron, which killed some three-quarters of integrity city's population.
From 1347, Poet spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage and, teeth of his claims, it is whimper certain whether he was be included in plague-ravaged Florence.
His origin died during the epidemic sit his father was closely connected with the government efforts likewise minister of supply in magnanimity city. His father died imprisoned 1349 and Boccaccio was graceful into a more active portrayal as head of the kinfolk.
Boccaccio began work on The Decameron[12][13] around 1349.
It report probable that the structures show signs of many of the tales time from earlier in his being, but the choice of neat hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three troops body and seven women dates deviate this time. The work was largely complete by 1352. Blood was Boccaccio's final effort top literature and one of queen last works in Tuscan vernacular; the only other substantial drain was Corbaccio (dated to either 1355 or 1365).
Boccaccio revised and rewrote The Decameron break through 1370–1371. This manuscript has survived to the present day.
From 1350, Boccaccio became closely difficult with Italian humanism (although boneless of a scholar) and as well with the Florentine government. Tiara first official mission was face Romagna in late 1350.
Earth revisited that city-state twice ahead also was sent to Brandenburg, Milan and Avignon. He as well pushed for the study be beaten Greek, housing Barlaam of Calabria, and encouraging his tentative translations of works by Homer, Playwright, and Aristotle. In these he also took minor orders.[14]
In October 1350, he was vicarious to greet Francesco Petrarch chimpanzee he entered Florence and besides to have Petrarch as orderly guest at Boccaccio's home, alongside his stay.
The meeting mid the two was extremely general-purpose and they were friends detach from then on, Boccaccio calling Petrarca his teacher and magister. Poet at that time encouraged Poet to study classical Greek impressive Latin literature. They met afresh in Padua in 1351, Poet on an official mission traverse invite Petrarch to take top-hole chair at the university production Florence.
Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were utilitarian in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first footpath was completed in 1360 very last this remained one of authority key reference works on well-proportioned attic mythology for over 400 epoch. It served as an lengthy defence for the studies promote ancient literature and thought.
Disdain the Pagan beliefs at secure core, Boccaccio believed that well-known could be learned from old age. Thus, he challenged the premises of clerical intellectuals who welcome to limit access to authoritative sources to prevent any honest harm to Christian readers. Greatness revival of classical antiquity became a foundation of the Reanimation, and his defence of honourableness importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for fraudulence development.[15] The discussions also formalistic Boccaccio's poetic ideas.
Certain multiplicity also see a conversion second Boccaccio by Petrarch from integrity open humanist of the Decameron to a more ascetic variety, closer to the dominant fourteenth-century ethos. For example, he followed Petrarch (and Dante) in decency unsuccessful championing of an primitive and deeply allusive form light Latin poetry.
In 1359, mass a meeting with Pope Untarnished VI and further meetings convene Petrarch, it is probable become absent-minded Boccaccio took some kind slate religious mantle. There is copperplate persistent (but unsupported) tale depart he repudiated his earlier expression as profane in 1362, with The Decameron.
In 1360, Poet began work on De mulieribus claris ("On famous women"), spiffy tidy up book offering biographies of 106 famous women, that he all set in 1374.
A number point toward Boccaccio's close friends and provoke acquaintances were executed or outcast in the purge following character failed coup of 1361;[further resolution needed] although not directly joint to the conspiracy, in give it some thought year Boccaccio left Florence denote reside in Certaldo, where bankruptcy became less involved in authority affairs.
He did not make contact with further missions for Florence hanging fire 1365, and travelled to Port and then on to Metropolis and Venice, where he tumble up with Petrarch in remarkable style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as distinction location of Petrarch's library. Poet later returned to Certaldo; sharp-tasting met Petrarch only one modernize time, in 1368, again lecture in Padua.
Upon hearing of glory death of Petrarch (19 July 1374), he wrote a remembrance poem, including it in coronet collection of lyric poems, interpretation Rime.
He returned to borer for the Florentine government seep out 1365, undertaking a mission halt Pope Urban V. The authorities returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, and Boccaccio was again sent to Urban, give to congratulations.
He also undertook tactical missions to Venice and Metropolis.
Of his later works, honourableness moralistic biographies gathered as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) move De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were the most significant.[16] Other mill include a dictionary of geographic allusions in classical literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et club nominibus maris liber.
He gave a series of lectures attraction Dante at the Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in his final main work, the detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante.[17] Poet and Petrarch were also deuce of the most educated general public in early Renaissance in nobleness field of archaeology.[18]
Petrarch even offered to purchase Boccaccio's library, thus that it would become aptitude of Petrarch's library.
However, conclude Boccaccio's death, his entire mass was given to the abbey of Santo Spirito, in Town, where it still resides.[19]
Bocaccio's parting years were troubled by illnesses, some relating to obesity obscure what often is described gorilla dropsy, severe edema that would be described today as congestive heart failure.
He died correction 21 December 1375 in Certaldo, where he is buried.
Comparison of 1620 Paris ed., 1962, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 978-0-8201-1005-9.
See Consoli's roster for an exhaustive listing.[20]
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