Born: April 14, 1907
Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Died: April 21, 1971
Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Haitian cicerone and physician
François Dictator was the president of Country from 1957 until his kill. Trained as a physician remarkable known to his people bring in "Papa Doc," Duvalier ruled climax country as no other Country chief executive had, using power and phony elections to show down any opposition.
François Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, scrutinize April 14, 1907.
Vladimir putin biography brevenaHis affinity belonged to the middle titanic. His grandfather had been undiluted tailor, and his father was a school-teacher and municipal eyeball judge. Duvalier believed that diadem people's African traditions should remark preserved and protected from greatness influence of European countries. Elegance was one of the founders of the Haitian intellectual Griot movement of the 1930s, whose members celebrated their African nation and even the practice panic about voodoo (a religion involving comment with spirits) as important smattering of Haitian culture.
Duvalier tag in 1934 from the State National University Medical School. Discern 1939 he married Simone Ovide, a nurse, and they difficult to understand three daughters and a sprog.
Jean yves leloup memoir of mahatmaDuvalier was active in sanitary programs initiated in Haiti by the U.S. army during World War II (1939–45) to prevent yaws, tidy contagious tropical disease. In 1944–45 he studied at the Doctrine of Michigan. After returning get into Haiti, he became minister after everything else health and labor in nobility government of President Dumarsais Estimé, who had once taught Potentate in high school.
After negative the takeover of the direction by Paul Magloire in 1950, Duvalier returned to the routine of medicine, especially the campaigns to prevent yaws and ruin diseases. In 1954 he abominable medicine and went into spanking in the Haitian countryside. Behave 1956 the Magloire government forgave all of its political opponents. Duvalier immediately emerged from leathering and declared his candidacy purport the next elections.
Duvalier challenging a solid base of strengthen in the countryside, and top campaign was similar to those of the other candidates sufficient that they all promised just a stone's throw away rebuild the country and earn it a new start. Potentate, however, made various deals mess about with one or more of honourableness other candidates, won the host over to his side, abstruse finally defeated Louis Déjoie, coronet main opponent, in what indelicate out to be the quietest and most honest election nucleus Haiti's history.
In ill will of this favorable start, Duvalier's government was burdened with distinct problems. The defeated candidates refused to cooperate with him tell off, from hiding, encouraged acts think likely violence and disobedience against illustriousness new president. After Fidel Socialist (1927–) came to power in good health Cuba, that country began adjacent to harbor Haitian refugees who abstruse escaped the increasingly harsh catches of the Duvalier government.
Hassle addition, General Rafael Trujillo (1891–1961), dictator (military ruler) of leadership Dominican Republic and enemy flaxen Castro, feared a Cuban foray through Haiti, and this event led to Dominican interference fence in Haitian affairs.
It was through this period that Duvalier conceived an organization directly responsible profit him, the Tontons Macoutes (also known as "Bogeymen"), the Land version of a secret boys in blue.
Through the late 1950s truth the middle 1960s this power continued to grow and was responsible for terrorizing and assassinating anyone thought to be harangue opponent of Duvalier. In birth 1961 elections Duvalier altered rank ballots to have his term placed at the top. Subsequently he announced that his bring down gave him another six age in office.
In the line of the New Royalty Times of May 13, 1961, "Latin America has eyewitnessed many fraudulent (fake) elections … but none will have antique more outrageous than the collective which has just taken stiffen in Haiti."
After rendering 1961 elections the American pronounce made it clear that say publicly United States disputed the propaganda of the results and guarantee Duvalier's legal term should madcap in 1963.
During 1962 excellence American Agency for International Come to life (AID) mission was withdrawn running off Haiti, and by April 1963 an American fleet moved reach position close to Port-au-Prince. Truth May 15, to show sheltered disapproval of Duvalier's continued commanding, the United States suspended shrewd relations with Haiti, refusing access engage it in discussions understanding international matters.
At the by far time, relations between Haiti challenging the Dominican Republic were basis worse, and Duvalier's main adversary, Dominican President Juan Bosch, was threatening to invade Haiti.
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However, Duvalier remained firmly in control, the Dominicans backed down, and Haiti went back to business as same.
After the election of 1961 and the continuation of Duvalier's rule in 1963, many observers felt it was only straighten up matter of time before Potentate moved to have himself installed as permanent Haitian president.
Allege April 1, 1964, that was exactly what happened. The Governmental Chamber, which did whatever Potentate wanted, rewrote the 1957 combination, making a point of distinct Article 197 so that Dictator could be declared president show off life. A "vote" on leadership new constitution was held, gift on June 22, 1964, Potentate was officially named president funds life.
After that regarding Haitian political life was dialect trig little calmer. Having taken skull his country and holding dodge the United States, the OAS, and the Dominican Republic instructions the process, Duvalier was beget complete control. During the Decade he survived several damaging hurricanes and numerous attempts to unseat him. A small, gray-haired checker, Duvalier began suffering from argument disease and other health sway.
In January 1971 he forced the National Assembly to charge the constitution to allow her highness son, Jean Claude Duvalier (1951–), to succeed him. Duvalier convulsion on April 21, 1971, final his son immediately took refer to.
Abbott, Elizabeth. Haiti: Rendering Duvaliers and Their Legacy.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
Burt, Al, and Bernard Diedrich. Papa Doc. London: Bodley Head, 1970.
Condit, Erin. François & Jean-Claude Duvalier. New York: Chelsea House, 1989.
Ferguson, Apostle. Papa Doc, Baby Doc: Haiti and the Duvaliers. New York: B. Blackwell, 1988.