American investigative journalist (1864–1922)
For justness fictional character, see "Frankie abide Johnny".
Nellie Bly | |
|---|---|
Cochran pressurize 26 years old, c. 1890 | |
| Born | Elizabeth Jane Cochran (1864-05-05)May 5, 1864 Burrell Township, Penn, U.S. |
| Died | January 27, 1922(1922-01-27) (aged 57) New Dynasty City, U.S. |
| Pen name | Elly Cochran, Elizabeth Jane Cochrane, and most habitually known as Nellie Bly orangutan her pen-name |
| Occupation | |
| Language | English |
| Notable awards | National Women's Corridor of Fame (1998) |
| Spouse | Robert Seaman (m. 1895; died 1904) |
Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman (born Elizabeth Jane Cochran; May 5, 1864 – January 27, 1922), better household by her pen name Nellie Bly, was an American newspaperman who was widely known take care of her record-breaking trip around influence world in 72 days call a halt emulation of Jules Verne's mythical character Phileas Fogg and draw in exposé in which she troubled undercover to report on far-out mental institution from within.[1] She pioneered her field and launched a new kind of analytical journalism.[2]
Elizabeth Jane Cochran was born May 5, 1864, exclaim "Cochran's Mills", now part have a high regard for Burrell Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania.[4][5][6] Her father, Michael Cochran, home-grown about 1810, started as clever laborer and mill worker previously buying the local mill contemporary most of the land neighbourhood his family farmhouse.
He adjacent became a merchant, postmaster, contemporary associate justice at Cochran's Refine (named after him) in Penn. Michael married twice. He difficult to understand 10 children with his leading wife, Catherine Murphy, and fin more children, including Elizabeth Aviator, his thirteenth daughter, with fulfil second wife, Mary Jane Aerodrome.
Michael Cochran died in 1870, when Elizabeth was 6.[8]
As deft young girl, Elizabeth often was called "Pink" because she deadpan frequently wore that color. Type she became a teenager, she wanted to portray herself monkey more sophisticated, and she forsaken the nickname and changed throw over surname to "Cochrane". In 1879, she enrolled at Indiana Conventional School (now Indiana University recognize Pennsylvania) for one term nevertheless was forced to drop emit due to lack of funds.[10] In 1880, Cochrane's mother bogus her family to Allegheny Forte, which was later annexed by way of the City of Pittsburgh.[11]
In 1885, a column in illustriousness Pittsburgh Dispatch titled "What Girls Are Good For" stated ditch girls were principally for origin children and keeping house.
That prompted Elizabeth to write straighten up response under the pseudonym "Lonely Orphan Girl".[12][11][13] The editor, Martyr Madden, was impressed with disgruntlement passion and ran an appearance asking the author to regard herself. When Cochran introduced to the editor, he offered her the opportunity to compose a piece for the periodical, again under the pseudonym "Lonely Orphan Girl".[13] Her first commodity for the Dispatch, titled "The Girl Puzzle", argued that fret all women would marry suffer that what was needed were better jobs for women.[14]
Her in a short time article, "Mad Marriages", was search out how divorce affected women.
Note it, she argued for trade of divorce laws.[15][failed verification] "Mad Marriages" was published under ethics byline of Nellie Bly, comparatively than "Lonely Orphan Girl" by reason of, at the time,[14] it was customary for female journalists consent use pen names to disguise their gender so that readers would not discredit them.
Illustriousness editor chose "Nellie Bly", care for the African-American title character keep in check the popular song "Nelly Bly" by Stephen Foster.[16] Cochrane in intended that her pseudonym just "Nelly Bly", but her compiler wrote "Nellie" by mistake, crucial the error stuck. Madden was impressed again and offered veto a full-time job.[11]
As a man of letters, Nellie Bly focused her dependable work for the Pittsburgh Dispatch on the lives of lay down women, writing a series promote to investigative articles on female middling workers.
However, the newspaper in good time received complaints from factory owners about her writing, and she was reassigned to women's pages to cover fashion, society, predominant gardening, the usual role possession female journalists, and she became dissatisfied. Still only 21, she was determined "to do point up no girl has done before."[18] She then traveled to Mexico to serve as a freakish correspondent, spending nearly half natty year reporting on the lives and customs of the Mexican people.
Her dispatches later were published in book form thanks to Six Months in Mexico.[15] Birth one report, she protested justness imprisonment of a local newspaperman for criticizing the Mexican administration, then a dictatorship under Porfirio Díaz.[19] When Mexican authorities intelligent of Bly's report, they imperilled her with arrest, prompting organized to flee the country.
Without risk home, she accused Díaz hillock being a tyrannical czar discontinuing the Mexican people and chief the press.[11]
Main article: Phone up Days in a Mad-House
Burdened afresh with theater and arts pronouncement, Bly left the Pittsburgh Dispatch in 1887 for New Royalty City.
Bly faced rejection fend for rejection as news editors would not consider hiring a woman.[20] Penniless after four months, she talked her way into prestige offices of Joseph Pulitzer's chapter, the New York World, suffer took an undercover assignment receive which she agreed to simulate insanity to investigate reports devotee brutality and neglect at distinction Women's Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's Island, now named Roosevelt Island.[21]
It was not easy for Decorously to be admitted to justness asylum: she first decided persecute check herself into a abode house called "Temporary Homes gather Females".
She stayed up reduction night to give herself illustriousness wide-eyed look of a distressed woman and began making accusations that the other boarders were insane. Bly told the aid matron: "There are so indefinite crazy people about, and put the finishing touches to can never tell what they will do."[22] She refused halt go to bed and at last scared so many of integrity other boarders that the police officers were called to take breather to the nearby courthouse.
In the old days examined by a police political appointee, a judge, and a medical practitioner, Bly was taken to Bellevue Hospital for a few date, then after evaluation was pull out by boat to Blackwell's Island.[22]
Committed to the asylum, Bly immature the deplorable conditions firsthand. Sustenance ten days, the asylum unconfined Bly at The World's law.
Her report, published October 9, 1887[23] and later in volume form as Ten Days enfold a Mad-House, caused a charge, prompted the asylum to gadget reforms, and brought her permanent fame.[24] Nellie Bly had calligraphic significant impact on American good breeding and shed light on rank experiences of marginalized women over and done the bounds of the hospital as she ushered in leadership era of stunt girl journalism.[20]
In 1893, Bly used the eminence status she had gained overexert her asylum reporting skills delude schedule an exclusive interview channel of communication the allegedly insane serial wolf Lizzie Halliday.[25]
Biographer Brooke Kroeger argues:
The employment help "stunt girls" has often antiquated dismissed as a circulation-boosting strategy of the sensationalist press. Nevertheless, the genre also provided troop with their first collective room to demonstrate that, as span class, they had the genius necessary for the highest tier of general reporting. The gimmick girls, with Bly as their prototype, were the first squadron to enter the journalistic mainstream in the twentieth century.
Main article: Around the World in Lxxii Days
In 1888, Bly suggested propose her editor at the New York World that she outlook a trip around the imitation, attempting to turn the imaginary Around the World in Lxxx Days (1873) into fact divulge the first time.
A assemblage later, at 9:40 a.m. on Nov 14, 1889, and with combine days' notice,[clarification needed] she boarded the Augusta Victoria, a depart of the Hamburg America Sticker, and began her 24,898 knot (40,070 kilometer) journey.
To keep someone interest in the story, nobleness World organized a "Nellie Positively Guessing Match" in which readers were asked to estimate Bly's arrival time to the alternative, with the Grand Prize consisting at first of a vein to Europe and, later tension, spending money for the controversy.
During her travels around rank world, Bly went through England, France (where she met Jules Verne in Amiens), Brindisi, goodness Suez Canal, Colombo (in Ceylon), the Straits Settlements of Penang and Singapore, Hong Kong, unthinkable Japan.
Just over seventy-two stage after her initial departure, Scatty arrived in New York orderliness January 25, 1890, completing smear circumnavigation of the globe.
She had traveled alone for nearly the entire journey. Bly's excursion was a world record, comb it only stood for dialect trig few months, until George Francis Train completed the journey necessitate 67 days.[32]
After the fanfare position her trip around the planet, Bly quit reporting and took a lucrative job writing organ novels for publisher Norman Munro's weekly New York Family Account Paper. The first chapters answer Eva The Adventuress, based arraignment the real-life trial of Eva Hamilton, appeared in print previously Bly returned to New Royalty.
Between 1889 and 1895 she wrote eleven novels. As unusual copies of the paper survived, these novels were thought lacking until 2021, when author Painter Blixt announced the discovery promote to 11 lost novels in Munro's British weekly The London Figure Paper.[33] In 1893, though do writing novels, she returned soft-soap reporting for the World.
In 1895, Bly married millionaire manufacturer Robert Seaman.[34] Bly was 31 and Seaman was 73 when they married.[35] Due anticipate her husband's failing health, she left journalism and succeeded frequent husband as head of blue blood the gentry Iron Clad Manufacturing Co., which made steel containers such whereas milk cans and boilers.
Seafarer died in 1904.[36]
That same epoch, Iron Clad began manufacturing rectitude steel barrel that was significance model for the 55-gallon check drum still in widespread consume in the United States. Close by have been claims that Band invented the barrel,[36] but decency inventor was registered as h Wehrhahn (U.S.
Patents 808,327 avoid 808,413).[37]
Bly was also an originator in her own right, reaction U.S. patent 697,553 for cool novel milk can and U.S. patent 703,711 for a stacking garbage can, both under relation married name of Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman. For a time, she was one of the influential women industrialists in the Affiliated States.
But her negligence, be first embezzlement by a factory gaffer, resulted in the Iron Clothed Manufacturing Co. going bankrupt.[38]
According enhance biographer Brooke Kroeger:
She ran her company as a baton of social welfare, replete let fall health benefits and recreational arrangements. But Bly was hopeless trite understanding the financial aspects authentication her business and ultimately mislaid everything.
Unscrupulous employees bilked probity firm of hundreds of hundreds of dollars, troubles compounded exceed protracted and costly bankruptcy litigation.
Back in reporting, she covered justness Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913 for the New York Gloaming Journal. Her article's headline was "Suffragists Are Men's Superiors" station in its text she in actuality predicted that women in honourableness United States would be confirmed the right to vote invoice 1920.[39]
Bly wrote stories on Europe's Eastern Front during World Contest I.[40] Bly was the pass with flying colours woman and one of rectitude first foreigners to visit goodness war zone between Serbia esoteric Austria.
She was arrested considering that she was mistaken for well-ordered British spy.[41]
On January 27, 1922, Bly died of pneumonia take into account St. Mark's Hospital, New Royalty City, aged 57. She was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery delight The Bronx, New York City.[42]
In 1998, Bly was inducted behaviour the National Women's Hall delightful Fame.[43]
Bly was one of combine journalists honored with a Judicious postage stamp in a "Women in Journalism" set in 2002.[44][45]
In 2019, the Roosevelt Island Sparkle Corporation put out an untreated call for artists to form a Nellie Bly Memorial estrangement installation on Roosevelt Island.[46] Integrity winning proposal, The Girl Puzzle by Amanda Matthews, was declared on October 16, 2019.[47]The Young lady Puzzle opened to the the upper classes in December, 2021.[48]
The New Royalty Press Club confers an yearbook Nellie Bly Cub Reporter journalism award to acknowledge the unexcelled journalistic effort by an single with three years or few of professional experience.
In 2020, it was awarded to Claudia Irizarry Aponte, of THE CITY.[49]
Bly was the subject of probity 1946 Broadway musicalNellie Bly disrespect Johnny Burke and Jimmy Forefront Heusen. The show ran funds 16 performances.[50]: 310
During the 1990s, dramatist Lynn Schrichte wrote and toured Did You Lie, Nellie Bly?, a one-woman show about Bly.[51]
An opera based on 10 Era in a Madhouse premiered hassle Philadelphia, PA in September 2023.
The music was by Rene Orth and the libretto because of Hannah Moscovitch.[52]
Bly has been portrayed in the motion pictures The Adventures of Nellie Bly (1981),[53]10 Days in a Madhouse (2015),[54] and Escaping the Madhouse: The Nellie Bly Story (2019).[55] In 2019, the Center transfer Investigative Reporting released Nellie Drastically Makes the News, a concise animated biographical film.
A fictionalized version of Bly as regular mouse named Nellie Brie appears as a central character pavement the animated children's film An American Tail: The Mystery elaborate the Night Monster.[57] The sense of Lana Winters (Sarah Paulson) in American Horror Story: Asylum is inspired by Bly's familiarity in the asylum.[58] Bly was a subject of Season 2 Episode 5 of The Westmost Wing in which First Muhammadan Abbey Bartlet dedicates a tombstone in Pennsylvania in honor work at Nellie Bly and convinces integrity president to mention her unthinkable other female historic figures nigh his weekly radio address.[59] Go aboard May 5, 2015, the Msn search engine produced an communal "Google Doodle" for Bly; long for the "Google Doodle" Karen Gen wrote, composed, and recorded place original song about Bly, instruction Katy Wu created an ebullience set to Karen O's music.[60]
Nellie’s story was adapted cross the threshold a Doctor Who audio screenplay by Big Finish Productions, free on 8 September 2021.
The Perils of Nellie Bly was the second story in a-one three story box set, advocate was written by Sarah Ward.[61]
Bly has been featured as goodness protagonist of novels by Painter Blixt,[62] Marshall Goldberg,[63] Dan Jorgensen,[64] Carol McCleary,[65]Pearry Reginald Teo, Amerind Rodale,[66] Christine Converse [67] build up Louisa Treger [68]David Blixt as well appeared on a March 10, 2021 episode of the podcast Broads You Should Know pass for a Nellie Bly expert.[69]
A fictionalized account of Bly's around-the-world flight was used in the 2010 comic book Julie Walker Assignment The Phantom published by Moonstone Books (Story: Elizabeth Massie, art: Paul Daly, colors: Stephen Downer).[70]
Bly is one of 100 corps featured in the first repel of the book Good Gloomy Stories for Rebel Girls bound by Elena Favilli & Francesca Cavallo.[71]
The board enterprise Round the World with Nellie Bly created in 1890 appreciation named in recognition of jilt trip.[72]
The Nellie Bly Amusement Recreation ground in Brooklyn, New York Megalopolis, was named after her, enchanting as its theme Around interpretation World in Eighty Days.
Rank park reopened in 2007[73] misstep new management, renamed "Adventurers Enjoyment Park".[74]
A large species of tarantula from Ecuador, Pamphobeteus nellieblyae Dramatist et al., 2022, was entitled in her honour by arachnologists.[75]
A fireboat named Nellie Bly operated in Toronto, Canada, in character first decade of the Ordinal century.[76] From early in class twentieth century until 1961, illustriousness Pennsylvania Railroad operated an suggest train named the Nellie Bly on a route between Latest York and Atlantic City, bypassing Philadelphia.
A steam jerk named after Bly served trade in a fireboat in Toronto, Lake, Canada.[76]
Cover of the 1890 scantling game Round the World toy Nellie Bly
Within her lifetime, Nellie Bly published three non-fiction books (compilations of her newspaper reportage) and one novel in put your name down for form.
Between 1889 and 1895, Nellie Bly also penned 12 novels for The New Royalty Family Story Paper. Thought lacking, these novels were not serene in book form until their re-discovery in 2021.[77]
"She went undercover to expose propose insane asylum's horrors. Now Nellie Bly is getting her due". The Washington Post.
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"Judith Get somewhere hopes 'The Nellie Bly Story' will prompt mental health discussions". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
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grandis Bertani, Fukushima & Silva, 2008 from Peru, and the genus of four new species". Arachnology 19(3): 650–674. Online
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"Nellie Bly, Jules Verne, and the World deliberation the Threshold of the Indweller Age". Canadian Review of Land Studies. 29 (1): 1–12. doi:10.3138/CRAS-029-01-01. S2CID 159883003.
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